keyword of clayey

An instability surface (IS) is defined in the deviatoric plane. However, cyclic liquefaction manifests both in loose and dense saturated granular soils. Liquefaction during past earthquakes has led to huge damage to civic facilities (1906 San Francisco, 1964 Niigata, 1971 San Fernando, 1989 Loma Prieta, 1999 Chi-Chi, 2001 Bhuj, 2011 Christchurch). During cyclic loading, the eroded specimens with different residual fine contents behaved in a similar manner to a soil specimen constructed only of coarse particles. In conditions involving undrained rotation of the stress PA at constant total stress principal values (PV), distinct non-coaxiality patterns and elastic–plastic coupling are observed under increasing stress ratio, while a steady state is ultimately attained. with the principles defined within the framework of critical state soil mechanics. flow and non-flow (hardening) types depending on the initial global void ratio, Fifteen types of clayey soil were obtained from various locations in the Irbid area, Jordan, and from different depths. Soil fabric. For a mixture with very flattened inclusions Maxwell Garnett's mixture formula gives most accurate results. Under CIUC triaxial test, the influence of inter-granular void ratio (eg) on the volume compressibility and undrained material behavior of base-sand and natural silty-sand of Fatehgarh dam was more vivid as compared to the global void ratio (e). The volumetric response during shearing revealed highly contractive nature of the soils indicating large liquefaction susceptibility. A threshold strain is identified, below which cyclic straining results in stable behaviour. The response of two clayey sands to undrained cyclic triaxial loading is described. It was found that the effective stress path in monotonic undrained shear appears to constitute a state boundary that controls the initiation of strain softening under undrained cyclic shear loading. A series of consolidated undrained triaxial tests were carried out on clayey sands containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30% fines content (F.C.) Fifteen types of clayey soil were obtained from various locations in the Irbid area, Jordan, and from different depths. The microstructure of typical silty-sand and clayey-sand of the region revealed silt particles sitting on the sand grains and at sand-to-sand contacts creating a fragile metastable structure for silty-sands; however, for clayey-sands the sand fraction was clothed by the clay particles with voids either empty or filled by the fines resulting in open or compact microfabric respectively. Copyright © ICE Publishing 2021, all rights reserved, Development, planning and urban engineering, Geology, geotechnical and ground engineering, Water engineering and wastewater management, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2008.161.5.269, Investigating anisotropy in shear strength of clayey soils. Test results suggest that the occurrence of cyclic instability is related to static instability. In recent years, especially in the framework of Moreover, it was shown that flow instability is triggered under stress-controlled undrained conditions when the ESP probes the post-peak regime of the LBS with an outwards direction. Keywords. The main objective of this paper is to investigate experimentally the effect of anisotropy on the shear strength properties of clayey soil. The results indicate that vertical drains not only reduce the accumulation of excess pore pressure but also assist in their dissipation under cyclic loading, thereby providing a viable alternative to mitigate the effects of mud pumping. You are right @ TIS India, but what drives more traffic to a website and what attracts search engines are long tail keywords. 791-802. Both the stress history and the cyclic stress level have been varied. clayey: 1 adj resembling or containing clay Synonyms: argillaceous Antonyms: arenaceous , sandlike , sandy resembling or containing or abounding in sand; or growing in sandy areas adj (used of soil) compact and fine-grained “the clayey soil was heavy and easily saturated” Synonyms: cloggy , heavy compact closely and firmly united or packed together 1. Although limited research has been conducted on the post-erosion mechanical consequences under monotonic shearing, little attention has been paid to the impact of suffusion on the cyclic resistance and liquefaction potential of internally unstable soils. interpretation of these experimental observations regarding the tendency of lesser volume changes leading to smaller pore water pressure increases in anisotropically consolidated triaxial sand specimens under dynamic loads. The Argentinian clayey loess covers approximately 35% of the national territory, and is mainly distributed in the central zone of Argentina. The cyclic specimens were tested at different frequencies of 0.1, 1 and 5 Hz and the vertical stress was varied at 200, 300, and 400 kPa. In this context, undrained shear strength behavior of various soil types were Undrained shear strength behavior of clean sands can develop in flow, limited The shear strain amplitude was controlled at ±0.5% for the first 100 cycles, and then was increased to ±1.5% for the next 100 cycles, and finally it was increased to ±3% for the last 100 cycles. Keywords Stress State ... R. V. Maksimyak, “Investigations of the structural changes in semi-hard and frozen clayey soils during creep,” Author's Abstract of Dissertation for Candidate of Geological and Mineral Sciences, Moscow (1970). The implications of the new findings on the determination of the liquefaction potential of sands are discussed. To study the stabilization effect of nano-bentonite on soil consolidation properties, a series of one-dimensional odometer tests were conducted on a clayey soil with different nano-bentonite mixing contents (i.e., 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%). Chang, 1990;Georgiannou et al., 1990Georgiannou et al., , 1991a, Stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests, under undrained conditions, performed on sand samples consolidated under a range of different principal stress ratios (chosen to reflect and simulate the in-situ stress conditions) affect greatly the generation of pore pressures with the increasing number of cycles of repeated loading. To stay on the safer side, it is better you go with long tail keywords rather than one word keywords. Keywords Amaranthus caudatus, antimicrobial activities, clayey loam, growth stages, pharmacological precursors, soil formulation, toxicity. The response of two clayey sands to undrained cyclic triaxial loading is described. Static liquefaction is a pervasive failure mode in loose saturated granular soils. The research was based on a series of stress-controlled undrained one-way loading cyclic triaxial tests conducted on normally consolidate undisturbed Tianjin soft marine clay. Same Day Delivery Available. The Stress History and, A study of the effect of cyclic loading frequency on the dynamic properties of saturated soft marine clay was presented. 6, 178–184 (1969). Önceki bölümlerde açıklandığı üzere, ince dane içeren zeminlerin kayma dayanımı davranıĢını etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla birçok araĢtırmacı. Very low inherent liquefaction resistance of silty-sand of Fatehgarh dam could be due to its collapsible inter-particle structure and material state. The liquid level consists of an electrolyte sealed in a glass capsule with three co-planar electrodes partially immersed in the electrolyte. critical state soil mechanics (CSSM), the modeling and investigation of the Cyclic test results showed that cyclic liquefaction can be categorised into three distinct forms as cyclic instability, cyclic mobility and hybrid behaviour. carried out on samples prepared with different fine contents in order to However, cyclic instability can be triggered by either oneway or two-way cyclic loading. effective stress path behaviors were interpreted and the results were correlated The dynamic properties, especially the shear modulus degradation curve and damping curve are important for designing of any geotechnical structures. The concept also explains why steady-state conditions in drained shear are not necessarily the same as in undrained shear. Natural gas hydrates samples are rare and difficult to store and transport at in situ pressure and temperature conditions, resulting in difficulty to characterize natural hydrate-bearing sediments and to identify hydrate accumulation position and saturation at the field scale. Regardless of the seepage velocity and duration, the erosion of fine particles resulted in significant increase in cyclic resistance. Improved material response with multi-level reconsolidation and undrained cyclic loading were identified with the increased slope of the envelope bounding the peak of effective stress path. On reaching the bounding envelope in triaxial extension, there is liquefaction. On reaching the bounding envelope in triaxial compression, the clayey sands strain-soften. The results showed that with increasing of cyclic loading, soil stress state can be divided into steady state, critical state and failure state based on the critical cyclic stress ratio. The large majority of liquefaction studies on coal ash neither synthesised the behaviour with the critical state soil mechanics framework (CSSM) nor evaluated the forms of liquefaction specially cyclic liquefaction. Keywords: Silty and Clayey Soils, Deformation Modulus, Empirical Correlation. From the monotonic test results, a unique steady state line, SSL, was established for tested coal ash. In the following an attempt is made to bring a theoretical, The purpose of this research was to study the monotonic and cyclic simple shear mode behavior of Bangkok clay, using direct simple shear apparatus. The models are based on mixture formulas, which are applied in several steps, by which different components of the soil are successively combined. Normalized Soil Engineering Properties (SHANSEP) method was applied to analyze the monotonic test data, and the CK 0DSS SHANSEP equation was proposed, based on the results. evaluated. The cyclic behavior of normally consolidated silty clays was investigated by conducting a series of cyclic simple shear tests on one-dimensionally and isotropically consolidated reconstituted samples. Forcella Alta to the Forcella Bassa is only about 30 minutes' walk, but the peculiar conformation of the terrain to the (clayey, with trees, humid, a little gloomy), requires good concentration and careful attention to the signs. If you or your institution did not have a subscription you can: If you have an individual subscription to this content, or if you have purchased this content through Pay Per Article within the past 24 hours, you can gain access by logging in with your username and password here: Prices shown are exclusive of taxes, if applicable tax will be added during checkout. The test piles were all instrumented to measure the shaft and tip resistance and to determine the load transfer along the pile shaft. The results from the CK 0DSS SHANSEP equation were in a good correlation with Qu, CK 0CU and CK 0EU. An internally unstable soil was chosen for the erosion test and was subjected to different seepage flow velocities and durations followed by cyclic loading and post-cyclic shearing. The main reason for the need for such a study is the fact that the soils In research purpose, it helps to simulate numerically to any geotechnical problems. The anisotropic behaviour of clayey soils almost disappeared at greater depth for both unconfined compressive strength and failure stain. Remember, part of the keyword research process is to make sure your keyword means what you think it means, and that its volume is productive converting volume – not tangentially related (or unrelated) volume that is going to bounce (see our Keyword Research: A 6 Point Checklist). All purchased content is available to download for a period of 24 hours. In this study marble dust was added in the range of 0–30% to the virgin soil by weight. It comprises the transient-peak states at which flow instability is triggered when isotropically consolidated sand is subjected to monotonic undrained loading at various fixed directions of principal stress, α, under constant mean total stress, p, and fixed stress parameter, b = (\(\sigma_{2}^{\prime } - \sigma_{3}^{\prime }\))/(\(\sigma_{1}^{\prime } - \sigma_{3}^{\prime }\)) = 0.5. The specimens were sheared at the shear strain rate of 5% per hour until the shear strain reached 20%. For silty-sands, liquefaction resistance was observed to be predominately governed by the FC. Marble has high lime content, which acts as the main factor for soil stabilization. Based on laboratory tests with constant cyclic shear stress, a method for predicting clay behaviour under storm loading which causes varying cyclic shear stresses is developed. A series of monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests covering a range of initial states and testing conditions were conducted to evaluate static and cyclic liquefaction behaviours of coal ash. dolomitibelluno.it. Weak non-coaxiality is exhibited under radial loading being dependent on the stress direction relative to the deposition direction, as well as on state, and gradually diminishing beyond peak failure. The saturated granular soil can undergo either static or cyclic liquefaction depending on the type of loading; Monotonic or Cyclic. These keywords really describes what users are looking for. It is also shown that both diffuse and localised instabilities occur preferably at stress states corresponding to unfavourable deformation kinematics. Presence of fines plays an important role in the constitutive behavior of the silty-sands. However, no substantial effect was observed at higher frequencies. Introduction. What does clayey mean? Effective stress paths for the normally consolidated soils loaded monotonically in triaxial compression and extension are shown to form a bounding envelope which determines the pattern of behaviour under cyclic loading. From time immemorial, plants have been the mainstay of human civilization. This could be attributed to the collapsible nature of the metastable inter-particle structure of silty-sands; however, clayey-sands had compact collapse resistant microfabric due to the presence of plastic fines. Same Day Delivery Available The magnitude and rate of generation of pore pressure were observed to be higher under cyclic simple shear conditions as compared to cyclic triaxial conditions by a factor of 1.5 and 1.3 after 1st and 5th cycle respectively. literature show that the undrained shear strength behavior of sandy soils with fines Civil Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Civil Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology. The experimental results indicate that the triggering of flow instability depends on the stress–strain history as well as on the incremental stress direction. Given the fast pace of growth in today's world, the need for a cost-effective and sustainable mode of transportation is indispensable. Pore fluid chemistry can significantly influence the shear strength characteristics of a clayey soil. Based on the results, while gasoil contamination decreases elastic properties of the clayey soils, it increases the plastic strains. The Winter Berry Bouquet SRP $39.99 $31.99. This paper presents a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests, where realistic cyclic loading conditions were simulated at low confining pressure that is typical of shallow subgrade beneath a ballast track. Railways provide a mode of mass transportation which facilitates travel between two places. The obtained test results from cyclic triaxial test have been validated with past literature. When the upper part area was bigger than the lower part area, pore water pressure and axial strain continuously increase with cycle number; when the upper part area was smaller than the lower part area, pore water pressure and axial strain tended to be steady with cycle number. Keywords. Inclinometer apparatus described uses an electrolevel for measurement of local torsional strains in soil and it is shown how such a vertical deflection gauge can be used in a triaxial test apparatus for application in routine soil testing. According to the results obtained from the Generalised undrained loading including rotation of the \(\sigma_{1}^{\prime }\)-axis is also imposed on anisotropically consolidated sand. ICE Virtual Library essential engineering knowledge. Recommend a subscription to your librarian. Three undisturbed samples were obtained from each location at three different inclinations (horizontal, vertical, and inclined at 45° to the vertical). Microstructural Evaluation of Clayey Ceramic Incorporated with Sludge from Paper Manufacturing . A long term issue that has hampered the efficient operation of heavy haul tracks is the migration of fluidized fines from the shallow soft subgrade to the overlying ballast, i.e., mud pumping. The experimental results indicate that under adverse loading conditions of critical cyclic stress ratio (CSRc) and frequency, there is upward migration of moisture and the finest particles towards the specimen top, and this causes the uppermost part of the soil specimen to soften and fluidize. A summarized review has been presented with their methodology and used parameters from the past literature. Volume 70 Issue 9, September, 2020, pp. Please check you are logged in if you have a subscription. Resistance between the electrodes vary as the capsule is tilted. This paper investigates the cyclic response of subgrade prone to mud pumping. It is the consequence of solid-fluid instability resulting from shear-induced excess pore water pressure (Δu) leading to negligible effective stresses within the soil mass. This clay amphora is painted in polychrome (multicolors). Models of dielectric permittivity of sandy-clayey soils, detailed physical model and a simple model, are proposed. On the contrary, non-coaxiality is stronger and persists in the post-peak regime when sand is subjected to rotation of the stress PA. Alternatively you can browse our free content. Both the stress history and the cyclic stress level have been varied. Conversely, a smaller value of CSR tends to maintain stability of the specimen despite the increasing number of loading cycles. Liquefaction of a coal ash investigated by monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests, EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF DIFFERENT MIXED SOILS WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF CRITICAL STATE SOIL MECHANICS THEORY, Static and Cyclic Liquefaction Characteristics of Kutch Soils, LABORATORY STUDY ON FLUIDIZATION OF SUBGRADE UNDER UNDRAINED CYCLIC TRIAXIAL LOADING, Cyclic Triaxial Test to Measure Strain-Dependent Dynamic Properties-A Comprehensive Study, New findings on the evolution of the instability surface of loose sand, Small-Strain and Large-Strain Modulus Measurements with a Consolidation Device, Impact of suffusion on the cyclic and post-cyclic behaviour of an internally unstable soil, Novel findings on the dilatancy and non-coaxiality of sand under generalised loading, Cyclic response of railway subgrade prone to mud pumping, Dynamic properties and seismic response of soft clay deposits, A simple axial displacement gauge for use in the triaxial apparatus, Behaviour of clay subjected to undrained cyclic loading, Undrained Monotonic and Cyclic Strength of Sands, Mechanical properties of London Clay at Heathrow T5, Effect of Initial Stress Conditions on Liquefaction of Sands: Experiments and an Interpretation, Investigation of Monotonic and Cyclic Behavior of Soft Clay Using Direct Simple Shear Apparatus, Effect of Cyclic Loading Frequency on Dynamic Properties of Marine Clay, Study of Variation of Soil Stress State Based on the Curve of Normalized Strain- Pore Water Pressure. The locally available Solani River Sand is collected from Roorkee region, tested in laboratory. The liquefaction response of soils of the region under different loading and boundary conditions including monotonic compression, two-way cyclic triaxial (CTX) and cyclic simple shear (CSS) was evaluated at their respective in-situ densities. It has also been shown that coal ash also exhibits cyclic liquefaction (Boominathan and Hari, 2002;Zand et al., 2009;Mohanty et al., 2010), however there was no detailed study of their failure mechanisms or forms of cyclic liquefaction: cyclic instability and mobility; defined in next section. Studies in the Unconfined compression tests were conducted on all soil samples. The geotechnical behaviour of organic clayey soils is always unpredictable as it depends on various parameters like organic matter, organic percentage, soil type, aggregate stability and environmental conditions. The degree of non-coaxiality and associated contractancy becomes higher when the previous shearing becomes more persistent, in terms of shear strain accumulation, while the influence of pre-shearing is stronger than that of the degree of stress rotation and the level of η = q/p′, p′, e, and b = (σ′2 − σ′3)/(σ′1 − σ′3), but diminishes gradually during stress rotation. Novel results are also presented: loose sand is subjected to undrained principal stress rotation at constant deviatoric stress, yet the previously established IS is crossed stably and flow is triggered after stress rotation is imposed on the failure surface, while a non-flow diffuse instability is triggered on the failure surface under increasing stresses and decreasing stress ratio. The findings reveal the existence of a strong link between the undrained monotonic and cyclic shear behavior of cohesionless soils.Mohamad and Dobry (1986) recommended that the monotonic behavior of saturated sands should be considered in the analysis of their cyclic behavior. Soils generally fail in shear where the soil grains slide over each other along the failure surface, and not by crushing of soil grains. It was found that the vertically cored samples reached well-defined gross yield points outside the horizontally cored samples in oedometer and isotropic compression. The mobilisation of the instability stress ratio, sin φip = (\(\sigma_{1}^{\prime } - \sigma_{3}^{\prime }\))/(\(\sigma_{1}^{\prime } + \sigma_{3}^{\prime }\)), that corresponds to stress direction α via the IS locus, generally, triggers flow under loading with both fixed and rotating \(\sigma_{1}^{\prime }\)-axis. 25–30% marble dust (MD) is generated during marble quarries and stones are cut as a block. A substantial change in the plasticity characteristics on drying is also one of the major concerns of geotechnical engineers. This paper investigates the cyclic and post-cyclic behaviour of a gap-graded cohesionless soil using combined triaxial-erosion apparatus. At higher overconsolidated states, increased cyclic strength and reduced Δu led to increased liquefaction resistance. Subgrade soil specimens with a low plasticity index collected from a field site with recent history of mud pumping were tested at frequencies from 1.0 to 5.0 Hz and a cyclic stress ratio (CSR) from 0.1 to 1.0. Shallow pore water samples (depth<102 m) … It has an Alexandrian style band-shaped handles. The hysteresis curve of pore water pressure versus strain was divided into two parts by cross point A. The elastic and plastic strains of the samples in different cycles are evaluated. In Australia, this phenomenon is commonly known as mud pumping or mud holes. In addition, three reference clays including bentonite, illite, and kaolinite were also treated with enzymes to study the effect on their strength characteristics. State-dependent non-associative elasto-plastic material model was used to explore the instability characteristics under undrained compression of one of the medium dense silty-sands (from Chang dam) of Kutch region. The change in the sign of second-order work (d2W), the evolution of hardening modulus (Hp), and liquefaction flow potential (Ł) captured the onset of instability and the subsequent liquefaction at pressures up to 300 kPa as observed in CIUC triaxial tests. A new apparatus was designed to study the acoustic properties of seafloor recovered cores with and without hydrate. Clay Amphora. However, clayey-sands exhibited cyclic degradation with the rate and the magnitude of degradation controlled by the PI. Eng. It is understood that eroded specimens with lower intergranular void ratios show higher resistance during cyclic loading, highlighting the importance of the intergranular void ratio in understanding the post-erosion mechanical behaviour of soils. The monotonic specimens were prepared in a saturated condition and were K0 consolidated before being undrained sheared. . Basic geotechnical investigation identified most of the soils of the region as silty-sands (SM) with their grain size index (IGS) and mean grain diameter (d50) falling in a narrow range of 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm, typical to those of liquefiable soils. is more complex than clean sands. Increased volume compressibility and decreased shear strength of silty-sand were captured better by eg rather than e. Liquefaction and settlement behavior of saturated and in-situ moist soils of Kutch region under strain-controlled CSS conditions were examined. Introduction. This study was conducted to evaluate the strength and volume change characteristics of a sedimentary residual soil mixed with bentonite (S1) when treated with three different enzymes. (adjective) 5. L. W. Gold, “Crack formation in ice during creep,” Scripta Metallurgiya,3, No. A review on dynamic properties of soil using cyclic triaxial test has been proposed in the present study. dolomitibelluno.it. All rights reserved. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. This particle transportation changes the fine particle content and its distribution, possibly impacting the mechanical behaviour of eroded soil. The conditions that trigger the unrestrained flow deformation of loose anisotropic sand are investigated. Google Scholar. J. Civ. Further, numerical simulations have been carried out using PLAXIS2D to model vertical drain inclusions in the railway subsoil. ... ; Chu and Wanatowski, 2008; Daouadji et al., 2009 and Liu et al., 2011). Natural cementation. ISSN 0016-8505 | E-ISSN 1751-7656. It was found that the unconfined compressive strength values were greater in the vertical direction than in the inclined and horizontal directions, and increased as the overconsolidated ratio increased. An empirical model is proposed to capture the generation of mean excess pore pressure in relation to the applied CSR. Oxygen-18 (18O), deuterium (D), and chemical patterns were determined in pore water samples extracted from two 500 m depth boreholes, G1 and G2, in western Bohai Bay, China. Steel slag . Learn more. The conditions triggering static liquefaction and cyclic liquefaction of medium dense silty-sand of Chang dam were observed to be the same. The method is based on accumulated cyclic shear strains, and is used to predict cyclic shear stresses and in tests with strain-controlled cyclic loading. However, no extensive geotechnical investigation of soil deposits of the Kutch region is available. Post-liquefaction reconsolidation and undrained cyclic response of silty-sand of Chang dam were investigated under multi-level cyclic loading to simulate the behavior of soils under earthquake aftershocks and other cyclic loads. Accumulative axial strain, normalized average pore pressure and degradation index with number of cycles were successfully modeled by hyperbolic line, while normalized average pore pressure with accumulative axial strain can be modeled by Hill growth line. The link between monotonic and cyclic instability has been discussed in the literature (Mohamad and Dobry, 1986; ... Zeminlerin drenajsız kayma dayanımı davranıĢları; dokularına, sıkılıklarına ve maruz kaldıkları efektif konsolidasyon basıncı değerlerine bağlı olarak akma (flow type, strain-softening type), sınırlı düzeyde akma (limited flow type) ve sertleĢme (strain-hardeningtype) türlerinde geliĢebilmektedir. The results showed that the shear modulus increased when the maximum vertical effective stress increased and the damping ratio increased when the strain amplitude increased. Evidence is presented in support of a new concept of the collapse of sand fabrics. 2018; 4 : 743-754 View in Article Anisotropic behaviour of a saturated clayey loess has been investigated by means of triaxials and oedometers. The critical cyclic stress ratio was obtained by the normalized axial strain. Please save your downloaded content carefully. Silty-sands exhibited liquefaction within 31 cycles whereas clayey-sands did not liquefy up to 50 cycles. INTRODUCTION . All figure content in this area was uploaded by John Boscawen Burland. Liquefaction characteristics and dynamic properties of medium dense silty-sand of Fatehgarh dam under different loading conditions (frequency and strain amplitude) and stress-history (OCR = 1-10) were explored. systematically determine the undrained shear strength behavior of soils with fines. under different initial conditions, monotonic triaxial compression tests were Volumetric compressibility (mv) of soils increased with an increase in the FC and PI. Keyword stuffing in this day and age, is almost criminal! Above the threshold strain, pore pressures and strains accumulate under cyclic loading at a rate that increases as the effective stress state approaches the bounding envelope. Biomass fly ash. These findings also complement some previous studies. are strongly affected by cyclic frequency, but the effect of frequency on normalized average pore pressure with accumulative axial strain is not significant, and the frequency is also a less important factor that affects degradation index with number of cycles.

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