is greece a fragmented state

[155] Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic. Much of the figural or architectural sculpture of ancient Greece was painted colourfully. Net migration started to show positive numbers from the 1970s, but until the beginning of the 1990s, the main influx was that of returning Greek migrants or of Pontic Greeks and others from Russia, Georgia, Turkey the Czech Republic, and elsewhere in the former Soviet Bloc. [110][111][112] In 1875 the concept of parliamentary majority as a requirement for the formation of a government was introduced by Charilaos Trikoupis,[113] curbing the power of the monarchy to appoint minority governments of its preference. Of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors have survived: those of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. In addition to the national holidays, there are public holidays that are not celebrated nationwide, but only by a specific professional group or a local community. [321], Greece has universal health care. The English names Greece and Greek are derived, via the Latin Graecia and Graecus, from the name of the Graeci (Γραικοί, Graikoí; singular Γραικός, Graikós), who were among the first ancient Greek tribes to settle Magna Graecia in southern Italy. According to the U.S. State Department, an estimated 97% of Greek citizens identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church,[287] which uses the Byzantine rite and the Greek language, the original language of the New Testament. [300][301][302] Hellenism refers to various religious movements that continue, revive, or reconstruct ancient Greek religious practices. [223][224] To secure the funding, Greece was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit under control. [91][page needed]. The Presocratics were from the western or the eastern colonies of Greece and only fragments of their original writings survive, in some cases merely a single sentence. Although the post-war decades were characterised by social strife and widespread marginalisation of the left in political and social spheres, Greece nonetheless experienced rapid economic growth and recovery, propelled in part by the U.S.-administered Marshall Plan. The Greek education system also provides special kindergartens, primary, and secondary schools for people with special needs or difficulties in learning. [126][127] Most prominent is the quote attributed to Winston Churchill: "Hence we will not say that Greeks fight like heroes, but we will say that heroes fight like Greeks. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. History, Editorial Consultant: Adam Hart-Davis. The most successful songs during the period 1870–1930 were the so-called Athenian serenades, and the songs performed on stage (επιθεωρησιακά τραγούδια 'theatrical revue songs') in revue, operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens' theater scene. [248] Shipping remains one of the country's most important industries, accounting for 4.5 percent of GDP, employing about 160,000 people (4 percent of the workforce), and representing a third of the trade deficit. Greece's unique cultural heritage, large tourism industry, prominent shipping sector and geostrategic importance classify it as a middle power. On such days it is customary for schools to take the day off. The song received 230 points with 10 sets of 12 points from Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Albania, Cyprus, Serbia & Montenegro, Sweden and Germany and also became a smash hit in different countries and especially in Greece. [191] Important Greek industries include tourism (with 14.9 million[192] international tourists in 2009, it is ranked as the 7th most visited country in the European Union[192] and 16th in the world[192] by the United Nations World Tourism Organization) and merchant shipping (at 16.2%[193] of the world's total capacity, the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world[193]), while the country is also a considerable agricultural producer (including fisheries) within the union. While reform efforts have been directed to reduce centralism and the Westminster model of pendulum democracy, these however have little effect on the political system of Greece. Greece is a unitary parliamentary republic, and a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy, and a high quality of life, ranking simultaneously very high in the Human Development Index. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864. [72], The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring many islands, of which 227 are inhabited. [258] Greece welcomed over 28 million visitors in 2016,[259] which is an increase from the 26.5 million tourists it welcomed in 2015 and the 19.5 million in 2009,[260] and the 17.7 million tourists in 2007,[261] making Greece one of the most visited countries in Europe in the recent years. English examples for "fragmented state" - While being rescued it was found in the same fragmented state and stolen. [155] The current Constitution was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967–1974. Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. [25] Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC,[21] are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe. Corfu withstood three major sieges in 1537, 1571 and 1716 all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans. The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. [106] A year later, he was replaced by Prince Wilhelm (William) of Denmark, who took the name George I and brought with him the Ionian Islands as a coronation gift from Britain. Illegal immigrants entering Greece mostly do so from the border with Turkey at the Evros River and the islands of the eastern Aegean across from Turkey (mainly Lesbos, Chios, Kos, and Samos). Mandatory military service is nine months for the Army and one year for the Navy and Air Force. Economou C, Kaitelidou D, Karanikolos M, Maresso A. Greece: Health system review. The first European institution described as a university was founded in fifth-century Constantinople and continued operating in various incarnations until the city's fall to the Ottomans in 1453. Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Iraklis have also seen significant success in European competitions, having been three times runners-up of the CEV Champions League. After falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, Greece emerged as a modern nation state in 1830 following a war of independence. Economic growth remained rapid before plateauing in 1972. [citation needed] Prior to the Greek Revolution of 1821, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600–1601 (led by the Orthodox bishop Dionysios Skylosophos), the Morean War of 1684–1699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favour of Russian interests. Their use has decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority. The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. [83] By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then-largest city, Thessaloniki, and the Peloponnese (Despotate of the Morea). During the dictatorship of the Colonels, the music of Mikis Theodorakis was banned by the junta and the composer was jailed, internally exiled, and put in a concentration camp,[349] before finally being allowed to leave Greece due to international reaction to his detention. [26], Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilisation,[e][30][31][32][33] beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC,[34] the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC),[33][35] and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1600–1100 BC). [97] Appropriating a long-standing tradition of Orthodox messianic prophecy aspiring to the resurrection of the eastern Roman empire and creating the impression they had the backing of Tsarist Russia, they managed amidst a crisis of Ottoman trade, from 1815 onwards, to engage traditional strata of the Greek Orthodox world in their liberal nationalist cause. The Greek adjectival form ελληνικός (ellinikos, [eliniˈkos]) is sometimes also translated as Hellenic and is often rendered in this way in the formal names of Greek institutions, as in the official name of the Greek state, the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, [eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a]).[12]. No party could form a sustainable government, which led to the parliamentary elections of June 2012. Marriage rates began declining from almost 71 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 until 2002, only to increase slightly in 2003 to 61 per 1,000 and then fall again to 51 in 2004. The Heptanesean kantádhes (καντάδες 'serenades'; sing. Using the above map, which African country is a NOT a fragmented state? [205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213] Dozens of similar agreements were concluded across Europe whereby banks supplied cash in advance in exchange for future payments by the governments involved; in turn, the liabilities of the involved countries were "kept off the books". The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Otto was deposed in the 23 October 1862 Revolution. Music played an important role in the education system during ancient times. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece. Adolf Hitler himself recognised the bravery and the courage of the Greek army, stating in his address to the Reichstag on 11 December 1941, that: "Historical justice obliges me to state that of the enemies who took up positions against us, the Greek soldier particularly fought with the highest courage. Due to their technical differences, they underwent somewhat differentiated developments. It is a verse romance written around 1600 by Vitsentzos Kornaros (1553–1613). Even though they take place in … Greece is a fragmented state. [125] Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis. This aspect of Greek stonework is described as polychrome. Roudometof, Victor; Robertson, Roland (2001). Here is a list of alliances Greek has had or currently has: Balkan Pact; Greek Serbian Alliance; NATO; United Nations; Power Struggle in Greece. At the same time, composers and musicians such as Mikis Theodorakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Vangelis and Demis Roussos garnered an international following for their music, which include famous film scores such as Zorba the Greek, Serpico, Never on Sunday, America America, Eternity and a Day, Chariots of Fire, Blade Runner, among others. 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[108] Pavlos Karolidis called the Bavarian efforts to create a modern state in Greece as "not only appropriate for the peoples' needs, but also based on excellent administrative principles of the era".[107]. According to World Bank statistics for the year 2013, the economy of Greece is the 43rd largest by nominal gross domestic product at $242 billion[179] and 53nd largest by purchasing power parity (PPP) at $284 billion. In 1935, a royalist general-turned-politician Georgios Kondylis took power after a coup d'état and abolished the republic, holding a rigged referendum, after which King George II returned to Greece and was restored to the throne. The renaissance which led to the modern Greek theatre, took place in the Venetian Crete. Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery. Since the late '70s, Saturday also is a non-school and not working day. The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the Greek province of Macedonia. [155] According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President and the Government. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, including Chios and Psara, committing wholesale massacres of the population. The agate you see in the pictures is the agate you will be shipped. Not all painting techniques are equally well represented in the archaeological record. [343] Later, during the Ottoman period, the main theatrical folk art was the Karagiozis. [7] Eurostat places the current population at 10.7 million in 2018. ‘Behind the Scenes’ Localism, Introduction: Subnational Democracy in Europe: Changing Backgrounds and Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. At the same time, the mortality rate increased slightly from 8.9 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 to 9.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2003. $13.73 + shipping. After the establishment of the Greek Kingdom, the architecture of Athens and other cities was mostly influenced by the Neoclassical architecture. Tsipras called snap elections in August 2015, resigning from his post, which led to a month-long caretaker administration headed by judge Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou, Greece's first female prime minister. 2015. The Greek Constitution recognises Eastern Orthodoxy as the 'prevailing' faith of the country, while guaranteeing freedom of religious belief for all. [78][79][80], As such prominent personalities at the time also proposed changing the imperial title to "Emperor of the Hellenes",[78][80] and, in late fourteenth century, the emperor was frequently referred to as the "Emperor of the Hellenes". Biden says Trump wrote him 'a very generous letter' Biden's 'Amazon tax' could make things complicated. Greece's largest and most influential metropolitan centres are those of Athens and Thessaloniki—that latter commonly referred to as the symprotévousa (συμπρωτεύουσα, lit. Most western philosophical traditions began in Ancient Greece in the 6th century BC. Reflections and Conclusions, Structure of Subnational Governments in Europe, If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code. [84] With the Turkish conquest, many Byzantine Greek scholars, who up until then were largely responsible for preserving Classical Greek knowledge, fled to the West, taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly contributing to the Renaissance. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as poleis (singular polis), which spanned the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. [131][clarification needed], Following liberation and the Allied victory over the Axis, Greece annexed the Dodecanese Islands from Italy and regained Western Thrace from Bulgaria. [155] Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance. [213][214][215][216][217][218] These conditions had enabled Greece as well as other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets set out in the Maastricht Treaty.[218][213][219]. Similarly, most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature. There are, however, more public holidays celebrated in Greece than are announced by the Ministry of Labour each year as either obligatory or optional. [48] Despite this development, the Greek world remained largely fragmented and would not be united under a single power until the Roman years. [167] Alexis Tsipras led SYRIZA to victory in the general election held on 25 January 2015, falling short of an outright majority in Parliament by just two seats. Democracy: A Mirror of Pendulum Democracy, Challenges and Opportunities for Local The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of civil liberties and social rights. The inland parts of northern Greece, in Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace feature a temperate climate with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms. [312] Some of the immigrants from Albania are from the Greek minority in Albania centred on the region of Northern Epirus. Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment, these ideas together with the ideals of the French Revolution and romantic nationalism began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. [244] 10% of the country's renewable energy comes from solar power,[245] while most comes from biomass and waste recycling. This creates several problems for the country. The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: the Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens, the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea, the North Aegean islands, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey, the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey, the Sporades, a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea, and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea. [344] Notable playwrights of the modern Greek theatre include Gregorios Xenopoulos, Nikos Kazantzakis, Pantelis Horn, Alekos Sakellarios and Iakovos Kambanelis, while notable actors include Cybele Andrianou, Marika Kotopouli, Aimilios Veakis, Orestis Makris, Katina Paxinou, Manos Katrakis and Dimitris Horn. Following his assassination in 1831 and the subsequent London conference a year later, the Great Powers of Britain, France and Russia installed Bavarian Prince Otto von Wittelsbach as monarch. [338], Two special genres can be considered the Cycladic architecture, featuring white-coloured houses, in the Cyclades and the Epirotic architecture in the region of Epirus. [330] Infant mortality, with a rate of 3.6 deaths per 1,000 live births, was below the 2007 OECD average of 4.9.[326]. It is difficult to govern such a country composed of islands. The dispute was finally resolved in 1976, when Dimotiki was made the only official variation of the Greek language, and Katharevousa fell to disuse. Leading figures of modern Greek literature include Dionysios Solomos, Andreas Kalvos, Angelos Sikelianos, Emmanuel Rhoides, Demetrius Vikelas, Kostis Palamas, Penelope Delta, Yannis Ritsos, Alexandros Papadiamantis, Nikos Kazantzakis, Andreas Embeirikos, Kostas Karyotakis, Gregorios Xenopoulos, Constantine P. Cavafy, Nikos Kavvadias, Kostas Varnalis and Kiki Dimoula. Greece is a major beneficiary of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. [151] This climate occurs at all coastal locations, including Athens, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands and parts of the Central Continental Greece region. Despite the absolutism of Otto's reign, the early years proved instrumental in creating institutions which are still the bedrock of Greek administration and education. Greek military personnel total 367,450, of whom 142,950 are active and 220,500 are reserve. Broadband internet availability is widespread in Greece: there were a total of 2,252,653 broadband connections as of early 2011[update], translating to 20% broadband penetration. [116][117] These events overlapped, with both happening during the Greek genocide (1914–1922),[118][119][120][121] a period during which, according to various sources,[122] Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks, along with similar numbers of Assyrians and a rather larger number of Armenians. "[126] French general Charles de Gaulle was among those who praised the fierceness of the Greek resistance. Greece is one in a constellation of ancient cultures that formed the foundations of Western civilization. Seventy-two percent of Greek adults aged 25–64 have completed upper secondary education, which is slightly less than the OECD average of 74 percent. [137] The Greek government-debt crisis, and subsequent austerity policies, have resulted in protests and social strife. Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Helped To Mask Debt Fueling Europe's Crisis", "Papandreou Faces Bond Rout as Budget Worsens, Workers Strike", "Britain's Deficit Third Worst in the World, Table", "Greek Debt To Reach 120.8 Pct of GDP in '10 – Draft", "Greece Faces 'Unprecedented' Cuts as $159B Rescue Nears", "Lessons for Congress From the Chaos in Greece", "Greece exited recession in second quarter, says EU Commission", "Greek growth rates put Germany, eurozone to shame", "Tsipras says Greece won't go back to old spending ways", "IMF 'to admit mistakes' in handling Greek debt crisis and bailout (The Guardian)", "For hard-hit Greeks, IMF mea culpa comes too late (Reuters)", "IMF admits disastrous love affair with the euro and apologises for the immolation of Greece (The Telegraph)", "Should other Eurozone programme countries worry about a reduced Greek primary surplus target? The Thessaloniki International Film Festival is one of the most important film festivals in Southern Europe. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken. Philip II of Macedon united most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world, from the eastern Mediterranean to India. [228] A third bailout was agreed in July 2015, after a confrontation with the newly elected government of Alexis Tsipras. d. Democracies and autocracies differ in three … [291] Following the 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Greece and Turkey agreed to a population transfer based on cultural and religious identity. (1998). Theatre in its western form was born in Greece. [280] In 2001, 16.71 percent of the population were 65 years old and older, 68.12 percent between the ages of 15 and 64 years old, and 15.18 percent were 14 years old and younger. According to Marios Ploritis, the only form survived was the folk theatre (Mimos and Pantomimos), despite the hostility of the official state. Notable Greek opera singers and classical musicians of the 20th and 21st century include Maria Callas, Nana Mouskouri, Mario Frangoulis, Leonidas Kavakos, Dimitris Sgouros and others. Fragmented States . Athens: Themelio. [76] During the Paleologi dynasty (1261–1453) a new era of Greek patriotism emerged accompanied by a turning back to ancient Greece. Mountainous regions in the interior and many islands remained effectively autonomous from the central Ottoman state for many centuries. [90] Some cities had governors appointed by the Sultan, while others (like Athens) were self-governed municipalities. Greece has several major technology parks with incubator facilities and has been a member of the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2005. A nominally independent and sovereign country, it has been described as being a satellite state of the Soviet Union in the years from 1924 until 1990. During the Byzantine period, the theatrical art was heavily declined. Some notable films include The Drunkard (1950, directed by George Tzavellas), The Counterfeit Coin (1955, by Giorgos Tzavellas), Πικρό Ψωμί (1951, by Grigoris Grigoriou), O Drakos (1956, by Nikos Koundouros), Stella (1955, directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis), Woe to the Young (1961, by Alekos Sakellarios), Glory Sky (1962, by Takis Kanellopoulos) and The Red Lanterns (1963, by Vasilis Georgiadis).

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